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Caves and other underground experiences

The M23/M25 Junction Survey 1967

Whe the M25 / M23 junction wes being designed my brother, a civil engineer, was on the design team in around 1967. They were drilling exploratory boreholes to find out what the ground was like deep down as a lot of excavation was needed to reach the level proposed for the new roads.

They discovered many large voids some 60 to 80 metres down and had no idea what they were. I developed a miniature camera system based around a Lumiere Elgy. It was a tiny camera but took full frame 35mm photos on roll film.

The boreholes were 100mm diameter. The camera, flash and electronic shutter release were built into a 75mm drainpipe about  1.5metres long. The camera pointed out of the side of the pipe half way down and the flash above it. The top of the tube was covered and an arrowhead made of reflective sellotape stuck on it showing the direction the camera was pointing. The shutter was fitted with a solenoid release.

The tube had 2 wires attached to the solenoid and it was lowered down a borehole to the bottom. I looked down the bore hole with a monocular, also reflecting sunlight down with a mirror with a hole in it so I could see the direction the camera was pointing. A battery was joined to the wires and you could see the flash go off down the hole.

Then it was all lifted out and the film wound on ready for the next shot.

The phots revealed extensive Roman hearth stone mines some 60 metres below the surface

Mapping the Caves 1967

It was essential to get a mining survey done of the area. Caving clubs in the area were contacted and Dennis Musto from the Croydon Caving Club said he knew a way in.

He took us (a mining survey team and a few others) in to the workings, a difficult job as the first few metres were through deep water. This water meant the survey team could not actually survey a line into the cave. Once in the mine workings they were able to make an extensive map of the workings but could not tie it in to the real world.

 

So my next project was to solve this problem. I together with a very good friend Ron thought we would have ago transmitting 'radio' signals through the ground. By 'radio' I mean low frequency audio electronically. We chose 3500 Hz and built an oscillator and 10 watt amplifier all to work off a 12V battery. We made a large transmitting coil about 40cm diameter with around 200 turns from memory. The electronics was pulsed - a few milliseconds 'on' then 'off' for a while to preserve battery life.

We made a pick up coil of several thousand turns on a long soft iron core about 30 cm.

We built the highest gain audio amplifier we could.

We tried it out above ground and you could hear the signals up to 200 metres away - If the receiver and transmitter coils were aligned. Turning the receiver coil just a few degrees and the signal dropped considerably. This was just what we wanted.

We took the transmitter down into the caves and found a place with the largest roof span and set the coil at the centre on the floor. Switched it on and went out. Turning on the receiver we could hear the beeps.  We walked one way until the beeps were strongest with the receiver coil at exactly 45° off vertical and marked the spot. We then walked in a straight path in line with the axis until the beeps were strongest with the receiver axis at the opposite 45°.

We measured the distance between the 2 points, halved it and put a stake in the ground.

This was repeated for 2 other underground places.

The boring rig was set up and drilled down.  2 of the holes ended in a void, the 3rd one went down over 100m and was abandoned.

On going back down in the caves we found the 2 boreholes had come through the cave roof within 10 feet of the coil location.

We needed all 3 to be able to tie the cave map in with the real world. An idea sprung to mind.

I made a small transmitter coil that we dropped down the third borehole and listened for it in the cave where we thought it should have entered. We had a landline phone and as they lowered it about 80 metres I could suddenly hear it very loudly through the cave wall. A few up and down telephone commands and I said 'You are now exactly at floor level'. The cable was pulled out and the length measured and we had the fix to the cave floor for the survey team.

I still have all this equipment but it is in terrible condition, having been stored in a leaking shed for nearly 40 years.

 

Regional seats of Government - Epsom Downs 1959

When we lived at The Gap I flew model planes on Epsom Downs so spent quite a lot of time there. I  saw a large pipe some 6 feet long with a 'witches hat' on top of it (60 cm dia) coming out of the ground. It was hundreds of yards from any other man made construction, the nearest being Epsom Downs rail station. Some 50 metres away was an area with a broken down wicker fence around it. The ground inside the enclosure had subsided some 3 or 4 feet (Sorry about the change from metric to imperial).

All this was a complete mystery to me at the time and I took no further interest in it for a few years.

In my early 20s I noticed an old wooden hut nearby which was falling to pieces. I took a closer look, went in and found it covered a vertical shaft some 3 metres square descending into the darkness. I went to see my rock climbing friend Peter Story to see if I could borrow his ropes and was he interested in having a look down the shaft. He said 'no' and only lent me a very thin rope, the sort you use to pull a thicker rope into place with.

Undaunted I went back to the shaft with another friend and lots of light.

Looking down the shaft we could now see that there was once a staircase which had rotted and fallen in. I secured the 'string' and climbed down hand over hand winding the 'rope around my hands for better grip. Near the bottom I gave up and let myself fall the last few feet.

At the bottom I was amazed. Passageways had been excavated through the chalk  with metalwork to prevent roof falls.

I set out to explore. There were 4 main tunnels in the form of a square with lots of interconnecting tunnels running between them.

There were tunnels set up as sleeping wards and others lined with toilets. There were pipes and cables everywhere.

The four corners of the main tunnels were the most interesting. The first one I came to had a furnace type fire place. I realised then that the pipe sticking out of the ground was the chimney for it.

When I got to the end of the next side of the square I discovered an enormous shaft rising up some 20 metres. Across the top of the shaft were a few rotting beams and planks. This was obviously beneath the fenced off sunken area seen in my youth. There was also a doorway in a brick wall on one side at the top.

(By now the fence had long since disappeared and anyone could walk across the dip).

The third corner of the square was weird. You could hear water dripping. Looking up there was an enormous water tank up a shaft. It obviously collected rain water.

I never found the source of electricity, perhaps it had been long since removed.

The forth passage leading back to the starting point had many short passages leading away from the square pattern. On examination they all ended in a wire mesh with chalk behind. On the walls around them were racks of spades and picks. These were obviously the escape tunnels.

I took a few photos and then decided to try to get out. It was exceeding difficult to climb up such a thin rope. Finally I managed it by wnding the rope around my hand and elbow, terrified what would happen if I fell. Luckily I made it OK.

I never went in again.

Outside it was now clear. There was a deep cutting in the chalk which was made to allow escapers to reach safety easily without too much digging.

I've searched Google Maps for any sign of it but it was nearly 60 years ago. It was quite near Epsom Downs Station I remember. The place where I think it was is now a golf course and has undergone major earth works. 

 

Regional seats of Government - Epsom Town 1977

20 years later we noticed a cutting running alongside Ashley Road just outside the town centre.

I was with my brother and his children. We walked alonng it and it ended in an enormous fortified door which had been forced open. We had torches and went in. The first thing was a chicane as a blast protection which led into tunnels very similar to the ones on Epsom Downs.

Near the entrance there were shelves with soil boxes on them, we think someone had been growing mushrooms.

The tunnels were quite extensive but we didn't examine them all. My camera didn't have a flash on it so we tried to take some photos by torchlight.

 

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